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Auch in Schweden: Strafanzeige gegen Assads Geheimdienstchefs

Europas Rolle im Kampf gegen Straflosigkeit für Folter in Syrien

Syrien – Folter – Schweden

(Auch) Schweden kann ein wichtige Rolle im Kampf gegen die Straflosigkeit von Folter in Syrien spielen. Deswegen haben im Februar 2019 neun Folterüberlebende aus Syrien in Stockholm eine Strafanzeige gegen hochrangige Beamte der Regierung von Syriens Präsident Baschar al-Assad eingereicht – unter anderem wegen Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit. Die schwedische Justiz hat schnell auf die Strafanzeige reagiert: Seit April 2019 haben bereits vier der Syrer*innen bei der Abteilung für Kriegsverbrechen der schwedischen Polizei als Zeug*innen ausgesagt.

Die Männer und Frauen stellten die Anzeige gemeinsam mit den ECCHR und den syrischen Juristen Anwar al-Bunni (Syrian Center for Legal Studies and Research, SCLSR) und Mazen Darwish (Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression, SCM), der Caesar Files Group sowie der schwedischen Organisation Civil Rights Defenders (CRD). CRD und das ECCHR, deren juristische Recherche und Analyse Grundlage der Strafanzeige sind, arbeiten seit langem eng mit den Anzeigenerstatter*innen zusammen.

El caso

Die Anzeigenerstatter*innen hatten sich im Frühjahr 2011 an den friedlichen Protesten gegen die Assad-Regierung beteiligt. Dafür wurden sie verhaftet und zwischen Februar 2011 und Juni 2015 – je nach Fall – in  Damaskus, Aleppo, Raqqa und anderen Städten in 15 verschiedenen Haftzentren von vier der insgesamt fünf syrischen Geheimdienste inhaftiert. Dort wurden sie schwer gefoltert, außerdem wurden sie Zeug*innen von Folter bis hin zum Tod anderer Gefangenen. Sie berichten über Schläge mit Stöcken, Kabeln und Plastikrohren, Tritte gegen Kopf und Genitalien, Elektroschocks, Schlafentzug und sexuelle Misshandlung.

Nach ihrer Entlassung verließen sie Syrien und leben inzwischen in Europa. In Schweden nutzen sie das Weltrechtsprinzip, um die Verantwortlichen für das, was sie erlitten haben, vor Gericht zu bringen. Das Ziel ihrer Strafanzeige: Die schwedische Justiz soll gegen 25 namentlich benannte und weitere unbekannte hochrangige Geheimdienstbeamte ermitteln und internationale Haftbefehle erlassen.

Die Vorwürfe im Sinne des schwedischen Strafgesetzbuches und des Gesetzes über die strafrechtliche Verantwortung für Völkermord, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und Kriegsverbrechen umfassen Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit, Kriegsverbrechen, Folter und demütigende und erniedrigende Behandlung, Vergewaltigung, schwere Körperverletzung und illegale Entführung.

El marco

Die Strafanzeige in Schweden steht in einer Reihe mit weiteren rechtlichen Schritten des ECCHR in Deutschland, Österreich und Nowegen.

In Deutschland trugen Zeug*innen aus vergleichbaren Strafanzeigen sowie Fotos und Dokumente der Caesar Files Group im Juni 2018 entscheidend zu einem internationalen Haftbefehl gegen Jamil Hassan, bis Juli 2017 Chef des syrischen Luftwaffengeheimdienstes, bei. Ermittlungen deutscher und französischer Behörden führten außerdem im Februar 2019 zur Festnahme ehemaliger Funktionäre der Assad-Regierung. Werden sie vor Gericht gestellt, wollen mindestens sechs Folterüberlebende dem Verfahren als Nebenkläger*innen beitreten.

Media

Abdulnaser, Alaa und Mansour Omari haben im Februar 2019 in Schweden Strafanzeige gegen hochrangige Geheimdienstchefs aus Syrien eingereicht. © Foto: Civil Rights Defenders
Abdulnaser, Alaa und Mansour Omari haben im Februar 2019 in Schweden Strafanzeige gegen hochrangige Geheimdienstchefs aus Syrien eingereicht. © Foto: Civil Rights Defenders

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Personas

Auszüge aus den Zeug*innenaussagen der Kläger*innen in Schweden.

P2 is a Syrian human rights defender and journalist. In 2012, he worked for the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) in the "Violations Documentation Center." In February 2012, he was arrested in the SCM office together with his colleagues and brought to the Investigative branch of the Air Force Intelligence in Damascus, where he witnessed other detainees, including minors, being tortured on several occasions.

One month later, P2 was transferred to the Regiment 555 of the 4th division, where shared an underground collective cell with up to 90 persons. There, he was repeatedly tortured, including by being beaten almost on a daily basis, also with cables and solid sticks as well as being exposed to electric shocks until he lost consciousness. Due to the inhuman detention conditions, P2 lost 30kg in detention. In November 2012, he was transferred to Adra Civil Prison. Following his release in February 2013, he fled to Lebanon and Turkey before coming to Sweden in 2014. By now, he has the Swedish citizenship.

During detention, P2 and his fellow cell mates decided to document the names and contacts of those detained in their cell, using a pieces of fabric, a chicken bone as a pen and their own blood and rust from the cells' iron bars as ink. The final list, which contained names and hometowns of detainees, included 82 entries. The piece of fabric was put into the collar and cuffs of a shirt which the first detainee to be released was supposed to wear. P2 happened to be the first one, he wore the shirt until his final release and smuggled it out successfully. Then he started to search for the families of the detainees to inform them about their whereabouts.

P5 was arrested twice. The first time, he was arrested in May 2011, because someone had put his name on a list of wanted persons. Following this arrest, he was detained in the State Security branches 251 and 285, where he was exposed to severe beatings including falaqa. He was released after two months.

In December 2012, he was arrested for the second time, supposedly for being politically active and engaged in humanitarian work. He was brought again to branch 251, where he had to endure several torture sessions. Among other things, he was beaten until unconsciousness, exposed to electric shocks and shabeh.

While in detention, P5 saw a doctor only once. When he told the doctor that he had problems with his stomach, the doctor kicked him hard in the stomach. He still has a hole in his knee, because he was tormented with a drilling machine. After more than one year, he was released. He arrived in Sweden in April 2015.

P7 was accused of participation in demonstrations, having instigated students in his university to take part in demonstrations and of having spoken critically about the government. He was arrested in September 2012 and detained in the Military Intelligence branch 215. There, P7 was first held in a cell of about 3x4 meters in size with a number of people varying between 25 and 50, and later in a cell of about 4x5 meters holding up to 104 people. This gave the detainees no space to lie or sit down. He was allowed to use the toilet twice a day for only a few seconds. The bad hygienic conditions in the cell caused diseases and led to the inflammation of wounds. P7 was exposed to different kinds of torture, for example, severe beatings, electric shocks and shabeh.

He was released after 45 days. In mid-2012, he fled to Europe and arrived in Sweden in October 2014.

P8 was arrested at the age of 19 in November 2012 because she had organized shelter and collected money for internally displaced people. She was first brought to the Military Intelligence branch 215, where she was subjected to degrading detention conditions such a limited access to sanitary facilities, lack of exposure to daylight, insufficient air circulation and inedible food. During interrogation and torture sessions, she was, for example, beaten, insulted, sexually harassed and threatened with further violence.

After around 26 days, she was transferred to the Military Intelligence branch in Homs where she was detained for another five weeks. There, she was, among other things, subjected to sexual violence.

P8 left Syria in 2013 and has been living in Sweden since December 2014.

P9 was arrested in March 2012 when gathering together with other people for a funeral. The student helped wounded people when the funeral was attacked by the military and was then, together with other participants of the funeral. He was first brought to the Military Intelligence branch in Raqqa, where he was beaten, verbally humiliated and severely hit with a cable.

Afterwards, P9 was transferred to the Criminal Security branch in Raqqa. 30 to 40 people had to stay in the cell of 4x4 meters. There was little oxygen left to breathe and the detainees had to take turns in sleeping. Beyond that, he was exposed to physical torture like falaqa.

Three weeks later, he was transferred to the central prison in Raqqa where he had to stay for another two weeks until he was released. He arrived in Sweden in January 2015.

Bases

Dieses Q&A informiert über die rechtlichen Grundlagen der Syrien-Strafanzeige in Schweden.

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